Creare PDF/A con AutoCAD 2002 e. Cliccando infine sul pulsante 'Salva' ci verr In questo tutorial spieghiamo come salvare un file.PDF direttamente da. Come Fare per SALVARE UN PDF CON AUTOCAD; Come fare per salvare un file nell'estensione. TextEdit), oppure esportare/salvare come PDF da un'altra applicazione. Se il problema si verifica durante l'esportazione come PDF in una posizione di. Per selezionare i livelli AutoCAD da convertire. Per salvare l'elenco DWG per un utilizzo. Come creare un file PDF in Auto. CADFin dalle scuole superiori (soprattutto negli istituti tecnici) viene insegnato ad utilizzare il software Autocad. Questo programma serve per creare dei disegni tecnici normali o tridimensionali a computer, tra i programmi del suo genere . Creare un file pdf in autocad . Vediamo come fare in pochi e semplici passi. Assicurati di avere a portata di mano: 3. Come prima cosa dovremo aver completato il nostro progetto e dopo averlo eseguito possiamo iniziare con l'impostare tutti gli spessori dei layer (le linee che vedremo nella tavola di progetto) e inquadrare il disegno secondo il format di tavola che ci serve (incorniciamo il disegno tramite le linee secondo le misure della tavola utile; es.: A1- 8. A questo punto clicchiamo su file - stampa, e ci comparir. Pc. 3 o il nome del programma che ci consentir. Cliccando su Ok, compare l'interfaccia di selezione dell cartella e del nome che avr. Ed ecco che impostato tutto, si apre anche un'anteprima del nostro file con a fianco indicati tutti i layer utilizzati (che si possono nascondere/rendere visibili anche all'interno di Acrobat Reader). A questo punto avremo un file da disegno pronto e molto meno ingombrante del dwg. Possiamo anche grazie all'uso di Photoshop, immettere colori e retini nel vostro disegno senza intaccare precedentemente il nostro dwg. Ad esempio, tipico degli architetti, presentare bei prospetti e sezioni degli edifici da noi progettati. Se li coloriamo e riempiamo di retini in formato dwg, rischiamo di . Invece da dwg passiamo a pdf, apriamo il nostro file in Photoshop, e il programma ci legger. A maggior ragione, si pu. Detto questo, il nostro progetto sar. Buon lavoro. Potrebbe interessarti anche. Visio supporta i disegni in formato AutoCAD. AutoCAD - Creare tavole in formato pdf. Stampa in PDF da AutoCad. Creare un file pdf in autocad . Come stampare un file eps o pdf da Autocad. Il presente articolo illustrer
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Pretty Little Liars (season 6)The sixth season of the American mysterydramatelevision series. Pretty Little Liars, based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, was renewed on June 1. ABC Family's longest running original series. Marlene King on Twitter. Marlene King and Lijah J. Barasz and was directed by Chad Lowe. The title of the premiere, . Andrew becomes a suspect after being reported missing. Realizing what Charles is planning to do with Alison, the Liars hatch a plan to get out of the dollhouse by setting his vault on fire. The mother of the 19-year-old Mississippi woman burned alive and left for dead says her daughter won’t be at peace until her killer is caught. The plan worked successfully, and the girls get out of the dollhouse where they are met by Alison, Ezra, Caleb, Toby, and the police. Andrew is arrested and accused of kidnapping the girls. However, the girls are far from okay, as they all suffer from PTSD from their time in captivity. Another girl, Sara Harvey, who went missing the same time Ali did, is found in the dollhouse, reportedly having been held there for two years. Unable to deal with her home life, she runs away and stays with Emily for a while. Meanwhile, Ali tries to get answers out of her dad about Charles Di. Laurentis, but he insists there is no one of that name in their family; however, Jason remembers Charles as his imaginary friend when he was a kid. Later, Andrew is released from police custody because of lack of evidence, and the Liars realize that he isn't Charles after all. After discovering a photo of Mrs. Di. Laurentis with Jason and another boy, Alison and Jason found out that they had an older brother that was, in fact, Charles. Kenneth explains that Charles tried to hurt Alison when she was a kid; he was subsequently admitted to Radley for diagnosis, and he died when he was 1. The Liars then searched Radley for answers, discovering that there was another person who visited Charles in Radley: Alison's great aunt Carol. Alison, Jason, Hanna, and Spencer later discover Charles' grave in her backyard. Meanwhile, Mona later returns to Rosewood, heavily questioned by the police about her actions while her friendship with Lesli is strained because of her involvement with Mona's actions. It is later revealed that Lesli was a former patient at Radley, and was roommates with Bethany Young, leading the girls to suspect that Lesli may be 'A'. Mona, however, tells them that Lesli is only pretending to be stable and that Charles faked his own death. When the girls found out that Charles was coming to the Di. Laurentis household (for his birthday), they plan on catching him as he is set to meet with Jason. However, the plan backfires when the police appeared. Rosewood High ultimately bans the girls from their prom and graduation after an incident at Aria's photo gallery contest. Hanna discovers that the company who gave her a scholarship is affiliated with Radley (and Mr. She and Spencer decided to return the money to the company, where they meet Rhys Matthews, whom they later suspected to be Charles. The girls also became suspicious of Aria's friend Clark, believing that he may be working for Charles when they saw him following Rhys into a warehouse. Despite being banned, the girls head over to the prom when they discover that Alison was meeting Charles there. Subsequently, Charles kidnaps Alison at the prom; the girls began searching for her, along with Ezra, Toby, Caleb, Sara, Mona, and Clark (who is revealed to be an undercover agent). Working with Mona and Sara, the girls finally infiltrate A's lair, where they discover a live feed of Alison coming face to face with Charles, who is revealed to be Ce. Ce Drake. Ce. Ce then begins to explain her story and motives, revealing that she was born as Charles, but was not accepted by her father for believing she was a girl. She was sent to Radley, where she eventually transitioned into Charlotte. She also explains what led to Mrs. Cavanaugh's death at the hands of Bethany Young, her complicated relationship with Bethany and her subsequent death, the events regarding the night Alison disappeared, the deal she made with Mona, the events at the burning lodge, Wilden's death, the events in New York, and their mother's death. She explained that she did everything just to be closer to her family, and she became 'A' when she thought that the Liars were happy about Alison's 'death', so she wanted to make them suffer for it but couldn't stop the game because she grew obsessed with it. Cece also reveals that Sara is both the other Red Coat and The Black Widow, working under Ce. Ce's orders, leaving Emily distraught. Ce. Ce heads for the roof to commit suicide (after her bomb attempt fails and Emily subdues Sara), but Alison and the girls convince her to stop, saying they now understand why she became 'A'. Ce. Ce then surrenders and declares the game over. On Labor Day weekend, the girls say goodbye as they are leaving for college except for Alison who stays in Rosewood. Five years later, as the girls have each pursued their own paths and have started adjusting to a life without 'A', they are once again called back to Rosewood when Alison asks their help for her sister to be released from the psychiatric hospital. While the girls agreed to help, Aria is the only who tells the brutally honest truth: she is still scared of Charlotte and doesn't want her released. Eventually, she is, only for her to be murdered the same night and then thrown from the church's bell tower. At her funeral, the girls are stunned to see Sara show up and begin to question her sudden appearance. Sara starts stalking Emily; it was later revealed that on the night 'A' was revealed, after Emily punched Sara, Sara tried to stand up and put her hands on an electrical block, severely injuring her hands and making it difficult for her to touch/hold things. A new class-action lawsuit against AMD is arguing that the company engaged in fraud and deceptive marketing when it claimed that its Bulldozer processors had eight. Eventually, a new 'A' rises, sending threatening messages with creep emojis to the Liars, determined to get answers on the night that Charlotte was murdered. Convinced that Sara is 'Uber A', the girls search for answers. Ali reveals that she and Charlotte's doctor, Elliott, are dating, and married by Aria. The girls initially suspected that Aria as Charlotte's killer; later, the suspicion shifted to Ezra, and then, Byron. Later, the suspicion shifted to Melissa when Spencer discovers that her suitcase is broken with the missing part matching the description of the alleged murder weapon. Emily eventually finds it and is nearly run over by a car that steals the weapon. Aria decides to write the rest of Ezra's new book, and after she tells him the truth, they write together.
Emily loses her eggs, which she is selling for money, when the clinic encounters a . When Alison gets herself into an . Ali stats seeing what appears to be her dead mother and after also Detective Wilden, she starts to question her sanity and checks herself into the same hospital Charlotte attended. Spencer, Toby and Mona work together to catch Sara, but instead they find old medical records for a woman named Mary Drake, and she was the one who gave birth to Charles while a patient at the Radley (now a hotel managed by Ashley Marin) 2. Di. Laurentis family adopted Charles as she was unable to take care of him. The girls' plan is leave Hanna waiting for 'Uber A' to arrive at Lost Woods Resort, while Aria and the boys are out hiding, but when Hanna goes missing they find out that 'Uber A' used a secret passage and kidnapped her. Looking over footage from cameras outside, they all are shocked to see what looks to be Mrs. D, asking themselves how this is possible. They succeeded in committing Alison, and with Ali hospitalized, he has her money and the house as her husband, which is their revenge for what happened to Charlotte, as he was in love with her and Mary always felt an attachment as her birth mother. She glances at a photograph of Charlotte and says it is what she would've wanted. The last thing we see is Hanna's unconscious body being dragged by 'Uber A' in the church's bell tower. Cast and characters. Previous holiday- themed episodes have been the thirteenth episode of each previous season excluding the first. In the fifth season finale, it was revealed that Mona was alive and had been held prisoner in 'A's dollhouse. It was announced on March 2. Project Runway alum Dre Davis was cast as Kimberly Brown. It was announced on April 2. Troian Bellisario's real life best friend Lulu Brud Zsebe would appear on the show as Sabrina, which Bellisario commented . On June 2. 4, 2. 01. The description of the characters was a sophisticated- yet- approachable 2. Jordan, and Liam, a 2. Boston. She will play a recurring role and will appear in three episodes starting with the 1. Writing. Marlene King said that the sixth season will deal with the mystery of Charles Di. Laurentis and the . She confirmed that a time jump to after college will be included, and will happen after the first ten episodes. King also confirmed that the sixth season will include the liars graduating from high school. It is an ending to the story that we started so long ago, but it's a very fast- paced ending to the story. It's an incredible amount of information in every episode, but if we've done the job completely right, you should be able to figure the mystery out just before you find out. After the fifth season finale, fans could send their art to a website, where they would be given a chance to be used in ABC Family's summer ad and campaign. The person behind the account claimed to have been fired after being a PA at the set of Pretty Little Liars after failing a drug test, and could therefore reveal information about the show. Marlene King took to Instagram where she posted a picture where she reassured the audience that the claims were false and that the identity of 'A' had not been leaked. No crew member was fired from PLL and we believe it is just a fan spreading incorrect information to rile up the fan base. The season premiere was down from the previous premiere and down from the season five finale, with a 1. Retrieved March 2. Marlene (April 1. Going out in a blaze of glory. Retrieved April 2. AMD lawsuit over false Bulldozer chip marketing is bogus. A new class- action lawsuit against AMD is arguing that the company engaged in fraud and deceptive marketing when it claimed that its Bulldozer processors had eight cores. Advanced Micro Devices Inc, argues that AMD’s Bulldozer (and presumably Piledriver, Kaveri, Carrizo, and so on) all effectively contain just half the number of cores AMD claims they do, and that the company’s decision to combine certain aspects of the core into a module and share resources constitutes a deceptive practice. If the writeup at Legalnewsline. The suit supposedly alleges that because Bulldozer shares certain core resources, the cores can no longer work independently and the chip is no longer capable of performing eight instructions simultaneously. If that’s the hook Dickey is hoping to hang his lawsuit on, he picked a bad one. While it’s true that AMD shared core resources within Bulldozer, the chip doesn’t work the way Dickey alleges it does. Diving into . Our investigations showed that Bulldozer took roughly a 2. Cinebench scaling when using four threads. Clock speed was locked to 3. GHz. The graph above shows Bulldozer performance when Cinebench has been told to use only four threads in every case. We then controlled where the threads executed. The 4. M / 4. C test means we locked one thread to each module. The 4. M / 8. C test means we specified four threads, but let them run on any cores. The 2. M/4. C test means we locked all four threads to run on a single module. The results show that the 4. M / 4. C mode is clearly faster than the 2. M/4. C mode — about 1. Bulldozer’s total performance with all eight cores enabled, however, was still higher than the 4. M / 4. C mode, as shown below: Cinebench performance when all eight threads ran on eight cores. Clock speed was locked to 3. GHz. An eight- core Bulldozer was capable of roughly the same performance as a six- core Thuban. The performance hit from combining and sharing cores, in other words, was nowhere near the 5. Dickey alleges. Since Bulldozer shipped, AMD has made modest improvements to the CPU’s overall efficiency and performance. Kaveri cut the penalty for multi- threading in half, from ~2. If AMD hadn’t been forced to lower clock speeds to compensate for its 2. Kaveri would’ve outperformed Richland across the board. The 1. 0- 2. 0% penalty for multi- threading compared to conventional core designs is nowhere near the halving that Dickey alleges. Now, it’s absolutely true that the Bulldozer family of products has had much lower single- thread performance than either previous AMD CPUs (in many cases) or Intel chips (in virtually all cases). But this lawsuit doesn’t appear to argue that AMD mismarketed its CPUs because single- threaded performance was weaker than expected, but because multi- threaded scaling was critically harmed by the decision to share various aspects of the underlying architecture. Weak single- threaded performance and high power consumption created a situation in which BD could neither hit its target clock frequencies nor its IPC targets. Critically, these issues do not disappear when the CPU is run in one- thread per module mode. Dickey’s lawsuit is wrong on other areas of fact as well. Bulldozer does share a single FPU block per work unit, but consumer workloads are rarely FPU- heavy. Each CPU module does contain the eight integer pipelines you’d expect in a typical dual- core conventional chip (4 ALU + 4 AGU per module). Dickey refers to Bulldozer as being unable to “perform eight calculations simultaneously,” but this is imprecise, inexact language that does not reflect the complexity of how a CPU executes code. Bulldozer is absolutely capable of executing eight threads simultaneously, and executing eight threads on an eight- core FX- 8. Bulldozer can decode 1. Courts can’t define cores. This lawsuit essentially asks a court to define what a core is and how companies should count them. As annoying as it is to see vendors occasionally abuse core counts in the name of dubious marketing strategies, asking a courtroom to make declarations about relative performance between companies is a cure far worse than the disease. From big iron enterprise markets to mobile devices, companies deploy vastly different architectures to solve different types of problems. An eight- core, Cortex- A7- based, mobile So. C is a very different beast from an eight- core big. Little Cortex- A5. Cortex- A5. 3 configuration. That chip is very different from an Oracle M7 or the SPARC T5. The T5 doesn’t pack the per- core performance of Intel’s 1. Xeons, or IBM’s Power. As this chart makes clear, CPU IPC and clock speed vary widely, even within Intel products over time. Bulldozer may have performed more like a quad- core chip from Intel, but that doesn’t mean it actually was a quad- core chip. The performance benefits from running the CPU in a quad- core- equivalent configuration weren’t nearly large enough to make that claim. The argument might stand if AMD had marketed BD as having great floating- point performance, but the company’s disclosures and briefings all clearly stated that BD would have just four floating- point units. Anyone buying the system for FPU work would have known that long before hardware shipped. AMD has, in a very real sense, been thoroughly punished for the CPU it brought to market in 2. Students enroll in SPHS 5. Advanced Clinical Practicum) in each semester of the program. During the first year of graduate studies, clinical practicum experiences are obtained within the Lamar University Speech and Hearing Clinic. During the second year, students are placed in externship assignments at public schools and medical sites. Entry requirements include an undergraduate degree in communication disorders or related field. Students who do not have an undergraduate degree in speech and hearing sciences must complete a sequence of leveling courses (see below) before applying for admission into the Master of Science in Speech- Language Pathology degree program. Students must have a competitive GPA and GRE score. Three letters of recommendation and an essay on career goals should be included. The Master of Science in Speech- Language Pathology at Lamar University is accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech- Language Pathology (CAA) of the American Speech- Language- Hearing Association, 2. Research Boulevard #3. Master of Science in Speech-Language Pathology. Please see the admissions section of this catalog for university. Before beginning the graduate SLP program. An online Graduate Program in Speech Pathology offers you the flexibility to. California State University, Northridge Speech Language. Graduate Program; Faculty; Research. Additionally, during the summer, our speech pathology program offers. The University of Texas Speech and Hearing Center is. Rockville, Maryland 2. See more at: www. A Speech Pathology Graduate Certificate can. The perfect Speech Language Pathology Graduate Program will help you. Northeastern University Speech. TTUHSC graduate program in speech-language pathology. Our graduate program is held. University of Texas at Dallas. Speech-Language Pathology/Speech and Language. University of Houston. Speech-Language Pathology/Speech and Language Science. University online application Application Requirements. University Communication Sciences & Disorders Box. Vitamin A Deficiency . Children are especially vulnerable because they are still growing rapidly. Vitamin D Deficiency Linked to Autoimmune Diseases. Vitamin A deficiency has a plethora of. List of Vitamin Deficiency Diseases. Vitamin deficiency may be caused by an. Vitamin B12 Deficiency & Diagnosis; Which B Vitamins Are Involved. Vitamins are substances that your. A lack of vitamin D can lead to bone diseases such as. Preventive Services Task Force) - PDF; Vitamin D Deficiency. Deficiency Symptoms and Signs. Vitamins B2 or B6 : Goitre: Iodine deficiency is likely if goitre is present in > 20% of., diseases of the nerves or. People who eat very- low- fat diets and who limit their consumption of liver, dairy foods and dark green vegetables, and those who experience fat malabsorption from conditions like celiac disease or infectious hepatitis can also become deficient in vitamin A. A zinc deficiency can also trigger a vitamin A deficiency by making it difficult to use the body's own stores of the vitamin. An early warning sign of vitamin A deficiency is the inability to see well in the dark, a condition called night blindness. If the deficiency is not corrected, the outer layers of the eyes become dry, thickened, and cloudy, eventually leading to blindness if left untreated. Vitamin A deficiency also causes dry and rough skin, making it take on a kind of . In addition, one can become more susceptible to infectious diseases. That's because a lack of vitamin A damages the lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, so they can't act as effective barriers against bacteria. Infections of the vagina and the urinary tract are also more likely. Treatment for children with xerophthalmia starts with large doses of vitamin A, decreasing to smaller amounts after a few days. Blindness can be averted if treatment is started before too much eye damage has occurred. Diseases such as obstructive jaundice or cystic fibrosis cause poor absorption of dietary fat and the fat- soluble vitamins. So even if people with these diseases consume adequate vitamin A, they may still develop a deficiency because of poor absorption. To overcome this obstacle, patients can take large amounts of a water- soluble form of vitamin A. A disease accompanied by prolonged fever, such as infectious hepatitis or rheumatic fever, can rapidly deplete the liver's reserves of vitamin A. As part of the treatment, a doctor may prescribe this vitamin in amounts greater than the RDA to prevent deficiency. Zinc is needed to transport vitamin A, so zinc may also be recommended at low levels. Dietary Requirements. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A is 9. RE) for men and 7. RE for women. Retinol equivalents are the preferred measure for vitamin A, because this method takes into account both forms of the vitamin - - retinol and carotenoids. One RE is equal to 3. IU) of retinol or 1. IU of beta- carotene or 1. IU of mixed carotenes. Assuming you get the vitamin from both sources, the RDAs are equivalent to about 5,0. IU for men and 4,0. IU for women. It's not necessary to obtain the RDA amount for vitamin A each day. Because vitamin A is not soluble in water, you do not excrete excess amounts of the vitamin. The liver stores vitamin A, and the body can tap into the reserves whenever dietary intake is too low. For most adults it takes months to deplete stored amounts. As long as you have a well- balanced diet that includes milk and yellow- orange and green vegetables, your overall intake should be sufficient to provide the vitamin A your body needs. Strict vegetarians, such as vegans, can obtain sufficient vitamin A if they eat a lot of pigmented vegetables. If you choose to take vitamin A supplements to get your daily requirements, make sure you don't overdo it - - too much vitamin A can be toxic. This information is solely for informational purposes. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. Neither the Editors of Consumer Guide (R), Publications International, Ltd., the author nor publisher take responsibility for any possible consequences from any treatment, procedure, exercise, dietary modification, action or application of medication which results from reading or following the information contained in this information. The publication of this information does not constitute the practice of medicine, and this information does not replace the advice of your physician or other health care provider. Before undertaking any course of treatment, the reader must seek the advice of their physician or other health care provider. Vitamin D Deficiency Linked to Autoimmune Diseases. Aug. 2. 3, 2. 01. There is now biologic evidence to back up the belief that vitamin D may protect against autoimmune diseases and certain cancers. A new genetic analysis lends support to the idea that the vitamin interacts with genes specific for colorectal cancer, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and other diseases, says Oxford University genetic researcher Sreeram Ramagopalan. The study is published in Genome Research. When Ramagopalan and colleagues analyzed the binding of vitamin D receptors to gene regions previously identified with different diseases, they found evidence of increased binding for multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, colorectal cancer, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Most experts say that these doses are too low. Many experts, including Ramagopalan, say 2,0. IU of the vitamin may be optimal for preventing disease. Blood levels of the vitamin are measured as 2. D. Levels below 2. Harvard School of Public Health nutrition researcher Edward Giovannucci, MD, says blood 2. D levels of between 3. While he says some people can reach these levels without supplementation, many others would need to take 1,0. IU of the vitamin a day. CAS professional standards for higher education - University of Virginia. LEADER 0. 31. 26cam a. Ia 4. 50. 0. u. 57. Mitstifer, CAS publications editor. CAS genderal standards ; Academic advising programs ; Admission programs ; Adult learner programs and services ; Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug programs ; Assessment services ; Auxiliary services functional areas ; Campus activities programs ; Campus information and visitor services ; Campus religious and/or spiritual programs ; Career services ; Clinical health services ; College honor societies ; College unions ; Commuter and off- campus living programs ; Conference and events programs ; Counseling services ; Dining services programs ; Disability support services ; Distance education programs ; Education abroad programs ; Financial aid programs ; Fraternity and sorority advising programs ; Graduate and progressional student programs and services ; Health promotion services ; Housing and residential life programs ; International student programs and services ; Internship programs ; Learning assistance programs ; Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender programs and services ; Master's level student affairs professional preparation programs ; Multicultural student programs and services ; Orientation programs ; Recreational sports programs ; Registrar programs and services ; Service- learning programs ; Student conduct programs ; Student leadership programs; TRIO and other educational opportunity programs ; Undergraduate research programs ; Women student programs and services - - Appendices. CAS member associations (June 2. CAS protocols for developing and revising standards ; Glossary of terms ; Frequently asked questions ; CAS publications ordering and website information. Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University University Housing Department. Council (RAC) develops in-service programs for all RAs/CAs. Housing and Residential Life Programs October 1, 2014. The mission of Housing and Residential Life Programs (HRLP). ResLife / Who We Are Who We. Community Advisors are also 'on call' for after hour support once the Residence & Housing Office and Residence Life. ACUHO-I STANDARDS & ETHICAL PRINCIPLES FOR COLLEGE & UNIVERSITY HOUSING PROFESSIONALS Prepared by ACUHO-I Professional Standards Committee. The Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education. The Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education (CAS). Many graduate preparation programs integrate the CAS standards as part of their. Housing and Residential Life. Advancement of Standards (CAS). Indiana University Southeast Residence Life and Housing Student Handbook 1 Residence Life & Housing Student Handbook Welcome to Residence Life and Housing! Welcome to Indiana University Southeast and to the Residence Life. Comprised of both specialty standards and guidelines. All standards use the. CAS has developed 43 sets of functional area standards for higher education programs and services. Order CAS Professional Standards for Higher Education book. Housing and Residential Life Programs**. Introduction to Evaluation . A Framework for Program Evaluation: A Gateway to Tools . Communities come together to reduce the level of violence that exists, to work for safe, affordable housing for everyone, or to help more students do well in school, to give just a few examples. But how do we know whether these programs are working? If they are not effective, and even if they are, how can we improve them to make them better for local communities? And finally, how can an organization make intelligent choices about which promising programs are likely to work best in their community? Over the past years, there has been a growing trend towards the better use of evaluation to understand and improve practice. The systematic use of evaluation has solved many problems and helped countless community- based organizations do what they do better. Despite an increased understanding of the need for - and the use of - evaluation, however, a basic agreed- upon framework for program evaluation has been lacking. In 1. 99. 7, scientists at the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognized the need to develop such a framework. As a result of this, the CDC assembled an Evaluation Working Group comprised of experts in the fields of public health and evaluation. Members were asked to develop a framework that summarizes and organizes the basic elements of program evaluation. This Community Tool Box section describes the framework resulting from the Working Group's efforts. Before we begin, however, we'd like to offer some definitions of terms that we will use throughout this section. By evaluation, we mean the systematic investigation of the merit, worth, or significance of an object or effort. Evaluation practice has changed dramatically during the past three decades - new methods and approaches have been developed and it is now used for increasingly diverse projects and audiences. Throughout this section, the term program is used to describe the object or effort that is being evaluated. It may apply to any action with the goal of improving outcomes for whole communities, for more specific sectors (e. Why are monitoring and evaluation frameworks important? Articulate programme goals and measurable short, medium and long-term objectives; Define relationships among inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes and impacts. Program evaluation is essential to public health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sets standards for evaluation, develops evaluation tools and resources, and provides support for evaluation capacity-building. Get a basic guide to program evaluation in this topic from the Free Management Library. Always start with your evaluation goals: When analyzing data (whether from questionnaires, interviews. Program Mission, Goals, and Evaluation Author: avonmertens Last modified by: mhaeberle Created Date: 8/29/2007 7:25:00 PM Company: cca Other titles: Program Mission, Goals, and Evaluation. Program Evaluation: Background and Methods Definition of evaluation: the process of determining the worth or merit of something; if 'something' is a program, then it's 'program evaluation.' Other types of evaluation include. Goals, Objectives, and Evaluation Measures Page 1 GOALS, OBJECTIVES. Program initiated with new goals, leadership and funding C. Establish partnership of FSU, FAMU, and TCC with MPO to coordinate education projects. HIV/AIDS). This definition is meant to be very broad. Examples of different types of programs include: Direct service interventions (e. Community mobilization efforts (e. California grapes to improve the economic well- being of farm workers)Research initiatives (e. Surveillance systems (e. Advocacy work (e. Social marketing campaigns (e. Third World encouraging mothers to breast- feed their babies to reduce infant mortality)Infrastructure building projects (e. Training programs (e. Administrative systems (e. Program evaluation - the type of evaluation discussed in this section - is an essential organizational practice for all types of community health and development work. It is a way to evaluate the specific projects and activities community groups may take part in, rather than to evaluate an entire organization or comprehensive community initiative. Stakeholders refer to those who care about the program or effort. These may include those presumed to benefit (e. Key questions in thinking about stakeholders are: Who cares? What do they care about? This section presents a framework that promotes a common understanding of program evaluation. The overall goal is to make it easier for everyone involved in community health and development work to evaluate their efforts. Why evaluate community health and development programs? The type of evaluation we talk about in this section can be closely tied to everyday program operations. Our emphasis is on practical, ongoing evaluation that involves program staff, community members, and other stakeholders, not just evaluation experts. This type of evaluation offers many advantages for community health and development professionals. For example, it complements program management by: Helping to clarify program plans. Improving communication among partners. Gathering the feedback needed to improve and be accountable for program effectiveness. It's important to remember, too, that evaluation is not a new activity for those of us working to improve our communities. In fact, we assess the merit of our work all the time when we ask questions, consult partners, make assessments based on feedback, and then use those judgments to improve our work. When the stakes are low, this type of informal evaluation might be enough. However, when the stakes are raised - when a good deal of time or money is involved, or when many people may be affected - then it may make sense for your organization to use evaluation procedures that are more formal, visible, and justifiable. How do you evaluate a specific program? Before your organization starts with a program evaluation, your group should be very clear about the answers to the following questions: What will be evaluated? What criteria will be used to judge program performance? What standards of performance on the criteria must be reached for the program to be considered successful? What evidence will indicate performance on the criteria relative to the standards? What conclusions about program performance are justified based on the available evidence? To clarify the meaning of each, let's look at some of the answers for Drive Smart, a hypothetical program begun to stop drunk driving. What will be evaluated? Drive Smart, a program focused on reducing drunk driving through public education and intervention. What criteria will be used to judge program performance? The number of community residents who are familiar with the program and its goals. The number of people who use ? Or (if no or insufficient change in behavior or outcome,)Should Drive Smart change what it is doing, or have we just not waited long enough to see results? The following framework provides an organized approach to answer these questions. A framework for program evaluation. Program evaluation offers a way to understand and improve community health and development practice using methods that are useful, feasible, proper, and accurate. The framework described below is a practical non- prescriptive tool that summarizes in a logical order the important elements of program evaluation. The framework contains two related dimensions: Steps in evaluation practice, and. Standards for . Although in practice the steps may be encountered out of order, it will usually make sense to follow them in the recommended sequence. That's because earlier steps provide the foundation for subsequent progress. Thus, decisions about how to carry out a given step should not be finalized until prior steps have been thoroughly addressed. However, these steps are meant to be adaptable, not rigid. Sensitivity to each program's unique context (for example, the program's history and organizational climate) is essential for sound evaluation. They are intended to serve as starting points around which community organizations can tailor an evaluation to best meet their needs. Engage stakeholders. Describe the program. Focus the evaluation design. Gather credible evidence. Justify conclusions. Ensure use and share lessons learned. Understanding and adhering to these basic steps will improve most evaluation efforts. The second part of the framework is a basic set of standards to assess the quality of evaluation activities. There are 3. 0 specific standards, organized into the following four groups: Utility. Feasibility. Propriety. Accuracy. These standards help answer the question, . Evaluation cannot be done in isolation. Almost everything done in community health and development work involves partnerships - alliances among different organizations, board members, those affected by the problem, and others. Therefore, any serious effort to evaluate a program must consider the different values held by the partners. Stakeholders must be part of the evaluation to ensure that their unique perspectives are understood. When stakeholders are not appropriately involved, evaluation findings are likely to be ignored, criticized, or resisted. However, if they are part of the process, people are likely to feel a good deal of ownership for the evaluation process and results. They will probably want to develop it, defend it, and make sure that the evaluation really works. That's why this evaluation cycle begins by engaging stakeholders. Once involved, these people will help to carry out each of the steps that follows. Three principle groups of stakeholders are important to involve: People or organizations involved in program operations may include community members, sponsors, collaborators, coalition partners, funding officials, administrators, managers, and staff. People or organizations served or affected by the program may include clients, family members, neighborhood organizations, academic institutions, elected and appointed officials, advocacy groups, and community residents. Individuals who are openly skeptical of or antagonistic toward the program may also be important to involve. Opening an evaluation to opposing perspectives and enlisting the help of potential program opponents can strengthen the evaluation's credibility. Likewise, individuals or groups who could be adversely or inadvertently affected by changes arising from the evaluation have a right to be engaged. For example, it is important to include those who would be affected if program services were expanded, altered, limited, or ended as a result of the evaluation. Primary intended users of the evaluation are the specific individuals who are in a position to decide and/or do something with the results. They shouldn't be confused with primary intended users of the program, although some of them should be involved in this group. In fact, primary intended users should be a subset of all of the stakeholders who have been identified. Brugernavn og kode til WIFI kan du se p? 3/25/2014: Cambridge: Cambridgeshire. Skovdalen: 7/20/2013: Edinburgh: Edinburgh. The official guide to Aalborg with tourism and travel information. Facts on attractions, hotels, restaurants, events, transport, booking etc. Musikkens Hus er stedet, hvor folk m. Her finder du Musikkens Hus. Lars Lilholt og Shaka Loveless GENERATIONSM Program; Sponsorer; Bands; Billetter; Information; Facebook. |
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